Stanisław Głąbiński (1862–1941) professor at the Lvov University, the author of a two volume work entitled „National economics” is a representative of the historical-national trend in Polish economics. The subject matter of his concept of national economics is the national economy which is a higher rank entity, encompassing all economic entities in the country that are related materially and spiritually. Bonds that link individuals into a higher rank entity, i.e. a nation, are reflected in the term ‘social resources’. Głąbiński understands (...) them as moral and material heritage of past generations that influences attitudes of the contemporary generation. He divides them into moral and material resources, and especially emphasizes the importance of the former ones. In the concept of moral resources, Głąbiński included his claims concerning the whole socio-ethical conditions of economic processes. He appreciated the influence exerted by the changes in the ethical viewpoint of the society on the economic activity as well as on the shaping of the sense of duty towards the whole society. Special emphasis placed in Głąbiński’s economic theory on the role of ethical motives undoubtedly springs from the influence exerted by the German historical school and, in particular, by Bruno Hildebrand. It also is a result of the effect of Polish economic thought including in particular the views of Fryderyk Skarbek and Józef Supiński. According to Głąbiński, the most important constituent element of material resources was finance, understood by him as stocks of economic goods. (shrink)

In recent years, the issue of the determinants of human gender identity has been lively discussed. In such discussions, there are numerous supporters of the belief that a person’s gender identity does not depend directly on a given individual’s biological endowment with sex, but is the result of various socio-cultural circumstances in which a given person lives. This view began to gain popularity in the scientific community in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is now considered paradigmatic in the (...) rapidly evolving interdisciplinary study of cultural gender development, which is commonly referred to as gender studies. Representatives of gender studies often present the findings obtained in the course of their research as brilliant and modern. However, when viewed through the concept of philosophical superstition, authored by the Polish logician Józef Maria Bocheński, it can be concluded that the proponents of gender studies significantly exaggerate the intellectual momentum of their conclusions and postulates. Furthermore, one can even say that according to Bocheński’s concept of philosophical superstition, gender studies is a discipline which only creates a semblance of rationality. This is because gender studies fail all six criteria which, as Bocheński maintains, distinguish beliefs, views, and theories which are manifestly irrational from those which are not philosophical superstitions. The article consists of three parts. In the first part, Bocheński’s concept of philosophical superstition is discussed and, in particular, the criteria are outlined which, in Bocheński’s opinion, allow one to identify philosophically superstitious thinking. This section also provides examples of philosophically superstitious beliefs, views and theories that fall under each of the criteria. In the second part, gender studies are characterized in terms of the basic assumptions adopted within this trend, as well as its theses and postulates. The third part of the article is devoted to the assessment of gender studies with the use of criteria which, according to Bocheński, make it possible to distinguish theories, beliefs and views without the hallmarks of rationality from those that are not philosophically superstitious. (shrink)

Bonaventure's Breviloquium is a concise compilation of the principal points of theology, from creation to the last judgement. It is the gateway to the seraphic doctor's major treatises, such as the classical De reductione artium ad theologiam and Itinerarium mentis in Deum. It articulates Christian teaching on God, creatures, the Fall, the Incarnation, grace, the sacraments and judgement. It provides a summary of material treated elsewhere in his Opera Omnia and is accorded the first place among his authentic works by (...) Balduinus Distelbrink in his Bonaventurae Scripta. This persuasive text is revisited by a team of bonaventurean scholars. The genesis of this project is explained by J. A. Wayne Hellmann, OFM.Conv.... (shrink)

We aim to show from a new perspective that Quine’s ontological relativity, based largely on his so-called “proxy-function argument”, falls short of being a rigorously coherent philosophical conception, as it exhibits significant formal defects. This new perspective enables exposing the shortcomings of Quine's position and suggests a possible reformulation of the original position. Moreover, we argue that his ontological relativity is inconsistent with the empirical data associated with some of our best physical theories, such as quantum mechanics. We refer to (...) fundamental concepts of philosophy and the foundations of mathematics in order to clarify our critique of Quine’s position concerning the relation between formalized theories and both what we can know about the real world and how we come to know it. (shrink)

In cases where one sense-modality is stimulated by another, we speak of synesthesia, i.e., of a subjective experience of multiple distinct sensations as being quite literally conjoined. The term “synesthesia” is derived indirectly from the Greek words “syn,” meaning “together,” and “aisthesis,” meaning “sensation.” This article focuses on the question of whether synesthesia is in fact a mental disorder or a creative gift. Both the commonsense views that have emerged in recent times, and neurological research, demonstrate that our knowledge of (...) this relatively uncommon phenomenon is slowly but constantly expanding. Proper experimental research conducted with the right sorts of synesthete, and philosophically and scientifically nuanced conceptual studies of synesthesia, can all be helpful when seeking answers to the question posed above, while also confirming general claims about the extent to which our perceptions are really subjective. Most synesthetes see themselves as gifted, and claim that this “conjoining of the senses” enriches the quality of their lives. (shrink)

The article reviews the book Religiöse Erfahrung zwischen Emotion und Kognition: William James’ Karl Girgensohns, Rudolf Otto und Carl Gustav Jungs Psychologie des religiösen Erlebens [Religious Experience between Emotion and Cognition: William James, Karl Girgensohns, Rudolf Otto and Carl Gustav Jung on the Psychology of Religious Experience], by Henryk Machoń.

The article reviews the book Das Vorschreiten der Säkularisierung. Erweiterte Neuausgabe [The Progression of Secularization], by Hans Werhahn.

Sigmund Freud i Ludwig Wittgenstein byli Wiedeńczykami. Twórca psychoanalizy spędził w tym mieście całe swoje życie, zmarł jednak na wygnaniu w Londynie. Wittgenstein, jeden z największych filozofów minionego stulecia, większość twórczego życia spędził poza Wiedniem. Osobiście prawdopodobnie ze sobą się nie spotkali, chociaż żyjąc w Wiedniu Wittgenstein na pewno słyszał o freudowskiej metodzie terapii. Stosunek Wittgensteina do Freuda i jego psychoanalizy jest ambiwalentny. Od wielkiego i wielokrotnie wyrażanego podziwu dla twórcy psychoanalizy i rozwiniętej przez niego teorii świadomości, po ostrą krytykę (...) jej samo rozumienia i stosowanej w niej metody. Istotne pytanie, które Wittgenstein zadaje nie tylko Freudowi, ale i jego uczniom, brzmi, czy faktycznie psychoanaliza jest naukową hipotezą o nieświadomości? Zdaniem G. Locka, „Wittgenstein jest «uczniem» Freuda, który zdaje się nie czynić nic jak tylko stawiać zarzuty swojemu mistrzowi". Freud, zdaniem Wittgensteina, twierdzi, że postępuje w sposób naukowy, że jego badania potrafią wyjaśnić ludzkie zachowania. Lecz faktycznie Freud uczynił coś zupełnie innego - stworzył nowy mit. Psychoanaliza, według Wittgensteina, oferuje formę myślenia i mówienia, która jest raczej nową mitologią aniżeli nową nauką. (shrink)

This paper discusses the issues surrounding voluntary action control in terms of two models that have emerged in empirical research into how our human conscious capabilities govern and control voluntary motor actions. A characterization of two aspects of consciousness, phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness, enables us to ask whether effect anticipations need be accessible to consciousness, or whether they can also have an effect on conscious control at an unconscious stage. A review of empirical studies points to the fact that (...) willed actions are influenced by effect anticipations both when they are conscious and when they remain inaccessible to the conscious mind. This suggests that the effects of conscious voluntary actions—in line with the ideomotor principle proposed by William James—are anticipated during the generation of responses. I propose that the integration of perceptual and motor codes arises during action planning. The features of anticipated effects appear to be optionally connected with the features of the actions selected to bring about these effects in the world. (shrink)

Tematem książki jest historia tradycyjnych filozofii Europy wschodniej i południowo-wschodniej. Ponieważ jest ona pierwszym w języku niemieckim całościowym przedstawieniem filozofii tej części naszego kontynentu, należy ją rozumieć - co zresztą podkreślają Wydawcy w Słowie wstępnym - jako korelat do książki S. H. Noacka Die Philosophie Westeuropas, której czwarte wydanie ukazało się w tymn samym wydawnictwie w 1976 roku.

Cyfryzacja i związane z nią nowe technologie dynamicznie wkroczyły do wielu dziedzin naszego życia – zarówno publicznego (administracji, gospodarki, wojskowości, łączności, szkolnictwa itd.), jak i prywatnego. Symptomatycznym wyznacznikiem tej ekspansji są coraz szersze wykorzystywanie słabej (wąskiej) sztucznej inteligencji (_Artificial Narrow Intelligence _– ANI) oraz intensywne prace nad silną (ogólną) sztuczną inteligencją (_Artificial General Intelligence _– AGI), która pozostaje w sferze szczególnych zainteresowań transhumanizmu. AGI – według transhumanistów – byłaby pierwszym krokiem do stworzenia sztucznej superinteligencji (_Artificial Superintelligence _– ASI), która przekroczyłaby (...) intelektualne możliwości człowieka, prowadząc do powstania „informatycznej osobliwości” (_singu__larity_), której można byłoby przypisać cechy boskie. W niniejszym artykule podnoszę kwestię, czy transhumanizm jest w stanie wyeliminować Boga i zastąpić Go jakąś sztuczną inteligencją (z jej cyfrową superświadomością) oraz czy w erze cyfrowej chrześcijańskim prawdom wiary grozi dezaktualizacja. Opowiadam się za uprawnionym mówieniem o Bogu i prawdach wiary o stworzeniu, odkupieniu oraz zbawieniu w społeczeństwie cyfrowym. Uważam, że kultura ery cyfrowej nie tylko nie przynosi szkody życiu wiary, ale może pobudzać człowieka do głębszego rozumienia jej prawd. (shrink)

Many philosophers, psychologists and neuroscientists argue for the thesis that both the self and free will - as commonly understood by us - are illusions created by our nervous system. An example of such a line of argument can be found in Bruce Hood’s book `The Self Illusion: How the Social Brain Creates Identity'. I first consider the main ideas put forward by Hood in support of the view that the self and free will are illusions. Then I turn to (...) criticisms of his arguments regarding the illusoriness of the self, citing arguments from philosophy and neuroscience. In criticizing his arguments for the illusoriness of free will, I advocate compatibilism and seek to focus on the elucidation of research into our everyday intuitions relating to free will. (shrink)

Fr. Paweł Siwek, SJ may be considered the only Polish Jesuit philosopher of the 20th century to have achieved worldwide recognition. This article surveys his work from a broad perspective reflecting philosophy, psychology and theology as pursued in Catholic circles in the 19th and 20th centuries. We review his achievements, while also offering an interpretation. We put forward the thesis that he found his own way of practising neo-Thomism in the spirit of Pope Leo XIII’s Aeterni Patris. To substantiate our (...) claims, we first briefly sketch his biography, providing a synthetic overview of the relevant contexts for his philosophical oeuvre. We then identify his four main areas of interest: namely, the history of philosophy, systematic philosophy, the scientific psychology of religion and spirituality, and Christian apologetics in the face of world religions and spiritual movements. In our conclusion, we discuss the main traits of his intellectual work, along with its impact. (shrink)

Elements... is a collection of seventeen, rather informal talks closely dependent on the aristotelian and thomist metaphysical setting. The author explicitly disregards a historical approach to the subject and in an essentially systematic way tries to argue in favor of a metaphysically pluralist and epistemologically optimist - realist solution. These two options constitute, therefore, the specific limits of the textbook.

Dan Lloyd jest profesorem filozofii w Trinity College. Tytuł i motto omawianej książki nawiązuje do wiersza Allena Ginsberga „Skowyt" [„Widziałem najwspanialsze umysły mego pokolenia, zniszczone obłędem,... którzy ukończyli uniwersytety chłodnym promiennym okiem..." ]. Książka Radiant Cool jest napisana prostym językiem, chociaż pojawia się w niej wiele neurofenomenologicznego „żargonu", co może zniechęcać do dalszej lektury. Książka dostarcza dobrego wprowadzenia do fenomenologii Husserla i do debat obecnych we współczesnej, angloamerykańskiej filozofii świadomości, odwołujących się do wyników badan neurologicznych. Można ją polecić studentom filozofii, (...) psychologii oraz neurologii. Wprowadzający charakter książki podkreślają liczne schematy, wytłuszczenia, wcięcia tekstu, tabelki itp., mające unaocznić główne toki rozumowania. Cechy ujemny takich schematów i rysunków jest to, ze równocześnie zawyżają one pole rozumienia i sprawiają wrażenie, że tak naprawdę, to problem świadomości już został rozwiązany. Dlatego podczas czytania Radiant Cool należy ciągle pamiętać, że tezy Lloyda są z założenia „optymistyczne" i mają informacyjno-komercyjny charakter. (shrink)

W spisanych przez L. Wittgensteina pod koniec życia Bemerkungen über die Farben znajdujemy kilka 'zagadek' dotyczących kolorów, np.: 1. „Jak to się dzieje, że coś przezroczystego może być zielone, ale nie może być białe". 2. „niepodobna sobie wyobrazić czystą białą wodę". 3. „Ale kolor świeci za sprawą swego otoczenia, w swym otoczeniu. Szary jednak nie świeci. 4. „? W obrazie biel musi być najjaśniejszym kolorem". „Nieprawda, że w obrazie biel zawsze musi być najjaśniejszym kolorem. Z pewnością jednak jest nim w (...) płaskiej kombinacji plam barwnych". 5. „Dlaczego nie ma brązowego światła ani szarego?" „Dlaczego niepodobna sobie wyobrazić szarego żaru". 6. „Czyż nie mogliby istnieć ludzie, dla których istnieje niebieskawy żółty, czerwonawy zielony? A zatem tacy ludzie, których pojecia o kolorach odbiegają od naszych pojęć?". (shrink)

„Es gibt Leute, deren Biographien den alten Grundsatz des Virgil bestätigen: labor omnia vincit improbus - beharrliche Arbeit überwindet alles." Dieser Satz, der aus dem Einband des vorliegenden Buches stammt, kann zugleich als Motto über das Leben und Werk der Philosophin Izydora Dąmbska geschrieben werden. Sie war Schülerin und letzte Assistentin von Kazimierz Twardowski, dem Begründer der Lemberger-Warschauer-Schule, einer der bedeutendsten philosophischen Schulen des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts. Twardowski war in Wien Schüler von Franz Brentano gewesen, dessen Denken auf die genannte Schule (...) großen Einfluß ausgeübt hat. Die Schule wurde im Jahre 1895 gegründet, als Twardowski nach Lwow kam. (shrink)

The presented paper focuses on the analysis of strategic documents at the level of the European Union concerning the regulation of artificial intelligence as one of the so-called disruptive technologies. In the first part of the article, we outline the basic terminology. Subsequently, we focus on the summarizing and systemizing of the key documents adopted at the EU level in terms of artificial intelligence regulation. The focus of the paper is devoted to issues of personal data protection and cyber security (...) included in these strategic documents. The final part contains recommendations for future research and evaluation of its key features. (shrink)

Aristotle tells us that in order to develop virtue, one needs to come to love and hate the right sorts of things. However, his description of the virtuous person clearly privileges love to hate. It is love rather than hate that is the main driving force of a good life. It is because of her love of knowledge, truth and beauty that the virtuous person organizes her life in a certain way and pursues these rather than other things (such as (...) pleasure). When hate comes into the picture, it is merely an unavoidable consequence of loving those noble and beautiful things. The virtuous person hates things that are contrary to her values, but does not concentrate on them, much less constructs her life in the pursuit of their destruction. But why privilege love over hate in this way? Why could not a good (happy) and virtuous life be a life driven primarily by hate (in particular, one aimed at eradicating what one (correctly) considers shameful and evil)? Without appealing to any consequences or harmful effects that hate might have on other People, the paper gives two answers to this question. First, allowing hate (rather than love) to dominate one’s life would undermine the right relationship between the two parts of the soul (the rational and the non-rational one) that Aristotle recognizes. Virtue involves establishing the right kind of internal ordering of one’s soul and this cannot be done if one’s soul is dominated by hate. Second, hate has negative cognitive effects insofar as it renders one insensitive to the beauty of human nature and behavior and actively precludes one from acquiring knowledge and understanding. Accordingly, if a good life is a life that involves virtue and knowledge, a life fueled by hate cannot but fall short of that ideal. (shrink)

Immanuel Kant is the author of the project of “perpetual peace” as a concept for a global federation of states remaining in peaceful relations towards each other. According to the philosopher, in order for such a federation to be possible at some time in the future, individual states need to be institutions which respect their citizens’ right of self-determination. An additional necessary condition for the future implementation of “perpetual peace” is the appearance of at least one state with a republican (...) system of government. The German thinker saw that as the first step towards realising “perpetual peace”. According to Kant, “perpetual peace” is not only limited to the existence of a certain set of institutions, appropriate laws, or external relations among states and individual people. “Perpetual peace” chiefly demands that people internalise the following obligations: 1. peaceful conduct towards others; 2. hospitality; 3. fairness; 4. respect towards the self-determination of others; 5. self-sufficiency; 6. respecting the freedom of others; 7. refraining from actions which might raise distrust in others. Based on those requirements, the philosopher suggests that the fundamental condition for a future existence of “perpetual peace” is the proper moral education of people. (shrink)

A logical-philosophical approach to the meaning-carriers or meaning-processes is juxtaposed with the anthropological-biological concepts of subjective significance uniting both for the semiotics of culture and the semiotics of nature. It is assumed that certain objects, which are identifiable in the universe of man and in the world surrounding all living organisms as significant from the perspective of meaning-receivers, meaning-creators and meaning-utilizers, can be determined as signs when they represent other objects, perform certain tasks or satisfy certain needs of subjects. Hence, (...) the meaning of signifying objects may be found in the relation between the expression of a signifier and (I) a signified content, or (2) a signified function, or (3) a signified value of the cultural and natural objects subsumed by the interpreting subjects under the semiotic ones. (shrink)

A report on the conference “Ecosemiotic Paradigm for Nature and Culture”.